Illustrations

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss how are illustrations useful in interpretation of statute and its construction?

Illustrations:

Illustrations appended to a section form part of the statute and although forming no part of the section, are of relevance and value in the construction of the text of the section and they should not be readily rejected as repugnant to the section. Illustrations in enactment provided by the legislature are valuable aids in the understanding the real scope.

It would be the very last resort of construction to make this assumption. The great usefulness of the Illustrations which have, although not part of the sections, been expressly furnished by the Legislature as helpful in the working and application of the statute, should not be thus imparied.

Judgments:

Sopher v. Administrator General of Bengal, AIR 1944 PC pp.67, 69

In interpreting section 113 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and in deciding that 'later' bequest to be valid must comprise of all the testator's remaining interest, if the legatee to the later bequest is not in existence at the time of testator's death, and that a conferment of a life estate under such a bequest is not valid, the Privy Council took the aid of Illustrations appended to that section. Viscount Maugham pointed out: "Illustrations 2 and 3 would seem to show - What is not clear from the language of the section - that however complete may the disposition of the will, gift after the prior bequest may not be a life interest to an unborn person for that would be a bequest to a person not in existence at the time of testator's death of something less than the remaining interest of the testator."

Lalla Ballanmal v. Ahmad Shah, 1918 P.C. 249

“Illustrations attached to sections are part of the statute and they are useful so far as they help to furnish same indication of the presumable intention of the legislature. An explanation is at times appended to a section to explain the meaning of words contained in the section. It becomes a part and parcel of the enactment. But illustrations cannot have the effect of modifying the language of the section and they cannot either curtail or expand the ambit of the section which alone forms the enactment. The meaning to be given to an ‘explanation’ must depend upon its terms, and ‘no theory of its purpose can be entertained unless it is to be inferred from the language used”

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Punctuations

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss how are punctuations useful in interpretation of statute and its construction?

Punctuations

‘Punctuation’ means to mark with points and to make points with usual stops. It is the art of dividing sentences by point or mark. Punctuation is considered as a minor element in the construction of statutes. Text book writers comment that English Court pay little or no attention to punctuation while interpreting the statutes. The same is not the cases in Indian Courts. If a statute in question is found to be carefully punctuated, punctuation may be resorted for the purpose of construction.

Punctuation is disregarded in the construction of a statute. Generally there was no punctuation in the statutes framed in England before 1849. Punctuation cannot control, vary or modify the plain and simple meaning of the language of the statute.

However, if a statute is revised and re-enacted but the section under construction in the revised statute is brought in identical terms as in the old statute except as to variation of some punctuation, that in itself will not be indicative of any intention on the part of the Legislature to change the law as understood under the old section.

Judgments:

Aswini Kumar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1952 SC pp.369, 383

B. K. Mukherjee, J., in Aswini Kumar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1952 SC pp.369, 383 expressed himself as follows: “Punctuation is after all a minor element in the construction of a statute, and very little attention is paid to it by English Courts. It seems, however, that in the vellum copies printed since 1850, there are some cases of punctuation, and when they occur they can be looked upon as a sort of contemporancea expositio. When a statute is carefully punctuated and there is doubt about its meaning, a weight should undoubtedly be given some cases, but it cannot certainly be regarded as a controlling element and cannot be allowed to control the plain meaning of a text.”

A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC pp.27, 45

In Gopalan’s case, Kania CJ, in construing Article 22(7)(a) of the Constitution, referred to the punctuation and derived assistance from it in reaching his conclusion that Parliament was not obliged to prescribe both the circumstances under which, the class or classes of cases, in which a person may be detained for a period longer than three months, without obtaining the opinion of the Advisory Board and that Parliament on a true construction of the clauses could prescribe either or both. It would appear, with respect to modern statutes, that if the statute in question is found to be carefully punctuated, punctuation, though a minor element, may be resorted to for purposes of construction.

Mohd. Shabbir v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1979 SC pp.564, 565 : (1979) 1 SCC 568 : 1979 SCC (Cri) 356

An illustration of the aid derived from punctuation may be furnished from this case where section 27 of the Drugs and cosmetics Act, 1940 came up for construction. By this section whoever 'manufactures for sale, sells, stocks or exhibits for sale or distributes' a drug without a licence, is liable for punishment. In holding that mere stocking is not an offence within the section, the Supreme Court pointed out the presence of comma after 'manufactures for sale' and 'sells' and absence of any comma after 'stocks'. It was, therefore, held that only stocking for sale could amount to offence and not mere stocking.

Dr. M. K. Salpekar v. Sunil Kumar Shamsunder Chaudhari AIR 1988 SC 1841

In this case the court construed clause 13 (3) (v) of the C.P. and Berar Letting of Houses and Rent Control Order. This provision permits ejectment of a tenant on the ground that "the tenant has secured alternative accommodation, or has left the area for a continuous period of four months and does not reasonably need the house." In holding that the requirement that the tenant ‘does not reasonably need the house’ has no application when he 'has secured alternative accommodation' the court referred and relied upon the punctuation comma after the words alternative accommodation.

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Marginal notes

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss how are marginal notes useful in interpretation of statute and its construction?

Marginal notes:

Marginal notes are the notes that are printed at the side of the section in an Act and it summarizes the effect of the section. They are not part of the statute. So they must not be considered. But if there is any ambiguity they may be referred only as an internal aid to the construction.

In England, the disposition of the Court is to disregard the marginal notes. In our country the Courts have entertained different views. Although opinion is not uniform, the weight of authority is in favour of the view that the marginal note appended to a section cannot be used for construing the section.

In the older statutes marginal notes were not inserted by the legislature and hence were not part of the statute and could not be referred to for the purpose of construing the statute. If they are also enacted by the legislature they can be referred to for the purpose of interpretation. In the case of the Indian Constitution, the marginal notes have been enacted by the Constituent Assembly and hence they may be referred to for interpreting the Articles of the Constitution. If the words used in the enactment are clear and unambiguous, the marginal note cannot control the meaning, but in case of ambiguity or doubt, the marginal note may be referred to.

There can be no justification for restricting the contents of the section by the marginal note. The marginal note cannot affect the construction of the language used in the body of the section if it is otherwise clear and ambiguous. The marginal heading cannot control the interpretation of the words of the section particularly when the language of the section is clear and unambiguous. Where the language is clear and can admit of no other meaning, the marginal note cannot be read to control the provisions of the statute. Marginal notes in an Indian statute, as in an Act of Parliament cannot be referred to for the purpose of construing the statute. Although a marginal note may not be determinative of the content of the provision, it may act as an intrinsic aid to construction.

Marginal notes appended to the Articles of the Constitution have been held to constitute part of the Constitution as passed by the Constituent Assembly and therefore, they have been made use of in consulting the Articles, e.g. Article 286, as furnishing prima facie, “some clue as to the meaning and purpose of the Article”.

Judgments:

Thakurain Balraj Kunwar v. Rao Jagpatpal Singh (1904) ILR 26 All 393 (PC): In this case it was observed that it is well settled that marginal notes to the sections of an Act of Parliament cannot be referred to for the purpose of construing the Act.

In Wilkes v Goodwin, the Court held that the side notes are not part of the Act and hence marginal notes cannot be referred.

The Privy Council in Balraj Kumar v. Jagatpal Singh, (1904) 26 All. 393, has held that the marginal notes to the sections are not to be referred to for the purpose of construction.

The Supreme Court in Western India Theatres Ltd. v. Municipal Corporation of Poona, (1959) S.C.J. 390, has also held that a marginal note cannot be invoked for construction where the meaning is clear.

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Headings

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss how are headings of sections useful in interpretation of statute and its construction?

Headings:

In different parts of an Act, there is generally found a series or class of enactments applicable to some special object, and such sections are in many instances, preceded by a heading.

The view is now settled that the Headings or Titles prefixed to sections or group of sections can be referred to in construing an Act of the Legislature. But conflicting opinions have been expressed on the question as to what weight should be attached to the headings. “A Heading”, according to one view, “is to be regarded as giving the key to the interpretation of the clauses ranged under it, unless the wording is inconsistent with such interpretation; and so the headings might be treated “as preambles to the provisions following them.”

A group of Sections are given under a heading which act as their preamble. Sometimes a single section might have a preamble e.g. S.378-441 of IPC is “Offences against property”. Headings are prefixed to sections. They are treated as preambles. If there is ambiguity in the words of a statute, headings can be referred.

Recently the Supreme Court expressed itself as follows: “It is well settled that the headings prefixed to sections or entries (of a Tariff Schedule) cannot control the plain words of the provisions; they cannot also be referred to for the purpose of construing the provision when the words used in the provision are clear and unambiguous; nor can they be used for cutting down the plain meaning of the words in the provision. Only in the case of ambiguity or doubt the heading or sub-heading may be referred to as an aid in construing the provision but even in such a case it could not be used for cutting down the wide application of the clear words used in the provision.”

In Durga Thathera v Narain Thathera, the court held that the headings are like a preamble which helps as a key to the mind of the legislature but do not control the substantive section of the enactment Thanks for reading till the end. Please share this blog.

In this regard, the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Suresh Kumar v. Town Improvement Trust, AIR 1975 MP 189, has held: “Headings or titles prefixed to sections or group of sections may be referred to as to construction of doubtful expressions; but the title of a chapter cannot be used to restrict the plain terms of an enactment”.

Conclusion:

The heading prefixed to sections or sets or sections in some modern statutes are regarded as preambles to those sections. They cannot control the plain words of the statute but they may explain ambiguous words.

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Preamble

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss How preamble of an enactment is useful in interpretation of statute and its construction?

Preamble

Preamble is a recital to the intent of the legislature as it enumerates the mischief to be remedied. By a long catena of decisions, it is now well settled that preamble is not a part of enactment. In India, it is well settled in the field of constitutional law that the preamble to the Constitution of India and Directive Principles of State Policy are the guidelines for interpreting the constitutional provisions.

Whenever there is a reasonable doubt about the provisions in the statute, it is permissible to refer to the heading of the provision for interpreting the section.

The preamble of a statute like the long title is a part of the Act and is an admissible aid to construction. Although not an enacting part, the preamble is expected to express the scope, object and purpose of the Act more comprehensively than the long title. It may recite the ground and cause of making the statute, the evils sought to be remedied or the doubts which may be intended to be settled.

In the words of Sir John Nicholl, “It is to the preamble more specifically that we are to look for the reason or spirit of every statute, rehearsing this, as it ordinarily does, the evils sought to be remedied, or the doubts purported to be removed by the statute, and so evidencing, in the best and most satisfactory manner, the object or intention of the Legislature in making or passing the statute itself.

Preamble to constitution:

The Preamble of the Constitution like the Preamble of any statute furnishes the key to open the mind of the makers of the Constitution more so because the Constituent Assembly took great pains in formulating it so that it may reflect the essential features and basic objectives of the Constitution. The Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Preamble embodies the fundamentals underlining the structure of the Constitution.

It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly after the entire Constitution has been adopted. The true functions of the Preamble is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually confirmed by the Constitution and not substantially to create them.

The Constitution, including the Preamble, must be read as a whole and in case of doubt interpreted consistent with its basic structure to promote the great objectives stated in the preamble. But the Preamble can neither be regarded as the source of any substantive power nor as a source of any prohibition or limitation. The Preamble of a Constitution Amendment Act can be used to understand the object of the amendment.

The majority judgments in Keshavanand and Minerva Mills strongly relied upon the Preamble in reaching the conclusion that the power of amendment conferred by Article 368 was limited and did not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.

Judgments:

Burakar Coal Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1961 SC pp.954, 956, 957

In this case the Supreme Court observed: “It is one of the cardinal principles of construction that where the language of an Act is clear, the preamble may be resorted to explain it. Again, where very general language is used in an enactment which, it is clear must be intended to have a limited application, the preamble may be used to indicate to what particular instances, the enactment is intended to apply. We cannot, therefore, start with the preamble for construing the provisions of an Act, though we could be justified in resorting to it, nay, we will be required to do so, if we find that the language used by Parliament is ambiguous or is too general though in point of fact parliament intended that it should have a limited application.”

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Long title and short title

 Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s discuss about how a title can be used to interpret the statute?

Long title and short title:

It is now settled that Long Title of an Act is a part of the Act and is admissible as an aid to its construction. The long title which often precedes the preamble must be distinguished with the short title. The long title is taken along with the preamble or even in its absence is a good guide regarding the object, scope or purpose of the Act. The short title being only an abbreviation for purposes of reference is not a useful aid to construction.

The title although part of the Act is in itself not an enacting provision and though useful in case of ambiguity of the enacting provisions, is ineffective to control their clear meaning. In earlier English cases, it was observed that the title is not a part of the statute. The title of the enactment cannot override the clear meaning of the enactment. Title cannot control the express operative provision of the enactment.

Judgments:

Aswinikumar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1952 SC pp.369, 388

While dealing with the Supreme Court Advocates (Practice in High Courts) Act, 1951, which bears a full title thus ‘An Act to authorise Advocates of the Supreme Court to practise as of right in any High Court, S. R. DAS, J., observed: “One cannot but be impressed at once with the wording of the full title of the Act. Although there are observations in earlier English cases that the title is not a part of the statute and is, therefore, to be excluded from consideration in construing the statutes, it is now settled law that the title of a statute is an important part of the Act and may be referred to for the purpose of ascertaining its general scope and of throwing light on its construction, although it cannot override the clear meaning of the enactment.

Manoharlal v. State of Punjab, AIR 1961 SC pp.418, 419,

The long title of the Act – on which learned counsel placed considerable reliance as a guide for the determination of the scope of the Act and the policy underlying the legislation, no doubt, indicates the main purposes of the enactment but cannot, obviously, control the express operative provisions of the Act.

Amarendra Kumar Mohapatra & Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors., (2014) 4 SCC 583

In this case the Supreme Court has held that: “The title of a statute is no doubt an important part of an enactment and can be referred to for determining the general scope of the legislation. But the true nature of any such enactment has always to be determined not on the basis of the title given to it but on the basis of its substance.”

M.P.V. Sundararamier & Co. v. State of A.P., AIR 1958 SC 468

In this case the Supreme Court was considering whether the impugned enactment was a Validation Act in the true sense. This Court held that although the short title as also the marginal note described the Act to be a Validation Act, the substance of the legislation did not answer that description. The Supreme Court observed: “It is argued that to validate is to confirm or ratify, and that can be only in respect of acts which one could have himself performed, and that if Parliament cannot enact a law relating to sales tax, it cannot validate such a law either, and that such a law is accordingly unauthorised and void. They only basis for this contention in the Act is its description in the short title as the ‘Sales Tax Laws Validation Act’ and the marginal note to Section 2, which is similarly worded. But the true nature of a law has to be determined not on the label given to it in the statute but on its substance. Section 2 of the impugned Act which is the only substantive enactment therein makes no mention of any validation. It only provides that no law of a State imposing tax on sales shall be deemed to be invalid merely because such sales are in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. The effect of this provision is merely to liberate the State laws from the fetter placed on then by Article 286(2) and to enable such laws to operate on their own terms.”

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Effect of repeal of a statute

Vande Matram! Interpretation of Statute is very important skill which every law professional must possess. Hence it is incorporated in the degree course of law. Let’s understand effect of repeal of a statute.

Effect of repeal of a statute:

Society is never static but always dynamic and change is the supreme law of every society. To keep pace with this trend, every legislature responds to changing social, economic, political and other conditions through the instrumentality of enacting new laws or repealing the existing laws with reference to change in the society. In India, the parliament is competent, in its plenary powers, not only to introduce a new law but also to repeal it by another enactment or to revive or re-enact legislation which had already expired by lapse of time.

Meaning of repeal:

Repeal is the abrogation or destruction of law by legislative enactment. Substitution of one legal provision by another is in fact repeal.

The repeal of an enactment may be partial or total. It is total repeal when a statute is abrogated in its entirety and partial when there is abrogation or modification of a provision of a statute only. Repeal may be either express or implied. It is express when declared in direct terms and implied when the intention to repeal is inferred from subsequent contradictory or inconsistent legislation.

The meaning of the word ‘repeal’ is extended to be comprehensive enough to include amendment, omission, insertion, substitution, addition and re-enactment.

Effect of repeal under the General Clauses Act:

Whenever there is a repeal of a statute, the consequences laid down in section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 shall follow unless a different intention can be presumed from the repealing statute. Section 6 of The General Clauses Act, 1897 is applicable whether it is repeal or amendment and there is no reason for giving any different effect to these two methods which achieve the same result.

A statute providing no fixed time for its duration is a perpetual statute. A perpetual statute is not perpetual in the sense that it cannot be repealed or amended by the legislature; it is perpetual in the sense that it is not decimated or abrogated by the expiry of time. As a result, whenever a perpetual statute is repealed, the effect as provided by sec. 6 of the General Clauses Act would follow.

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